Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill - 998 Words

Two knowledgeable men, one says go right, the other, left. Who is right? Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill were both noted philosophers with opposing theories on what is moral. Each uphold different ways of observing what is right. The theory of utilitarianism held by Mill and universalism held by Kant has similarities and differences. Who stands correct, and who is mistaken? Utilitarianism is the belief that decisions should be made based on how much pleasure they bring (MacKinnon and Fiala 2015). How many people will this please? How many will this hinder? Add each together and if the consequence of the action causes greater numbers of individuals to be happier than the action stands moral (Mill n.d.). Universalism on the other hand, focuses on the intention rather than consequences. This concept led to Kant’s theory of the Categorical Imperative which states that acts should apply to all (MacKinnon and Fiala 2015). Littering for example, if done by all would cause major ecological issues and therefore is not moral. Universalism is a deontological belief that to be moral, one has a duty to accomplish what is right for all. This is how these theories contain similarities. They both believe that people have a duty to undertake what is moral and believe in universal rules to accomplish morality (MacKinnon and Fiala 2015). Kant used the same term as Jeremy Bentham, Mill’s predecessor, in describing Deontological ethics. This is a theory that focuses onShow MoreRelatedImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1261 Words   |  6 Pagesintentions/character that inspire the action, or the consequences that result from the action?† Second, the philosophers I am going to discuss throughout this paper are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Now before I tell you my answer to this question I am going to explain these who these two philosophers are and what their viewpoints on ethics are. Immanuel Kant was born in what is now Germany in 1724 and died in 1804 and was the type of philosopher to act out of duty. He believes that actions should be performedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesmost widely known ethical philosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. While they may have philosophized around the same time period, the philosophers have very different ideas about ethics and happiness. Immanuel Kant, author of Duty and Reason, believed in the morality of the good will and duty. He espoused that happiness is an irrelevancy insofar as fulfilling duty is the most important aspect of leading a moral life. Conversely, John Stuart Mill, who wrote, The Greatest Happiness PrincipleRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1387 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent philosophers. Two of these philosophers are John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. Mill, in Utilitarianism defines happiness as pleasure without pain. He builds upon this idea of happiness when establishing his moral philosophy, stating that the action that would bring about the maximum amount of happiness is the most moral action. On the other hand, Kant establishes happiness as well-being and a satisfaction with one’s condition. Kant, however, argues that happiness is too fully based uponRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1786 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant. They both had very different views when it came to the ethics of philosophy. They also though had some of the same views as each other. Both were concerned with the moral qualities of actions and choices of a person, but neither of them was much interested in about what makes a good person. They also different views and some of the same views when it came to lying. One thought it should never be done. The other thought it should be used as a last resort. FirstRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill1206 Words   |  5 Pagesof morality, there is no right answer to dilemmas only different opinions. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers with two different views on a person’s moral conscious. Kant believes morality is a duty that people should hold above their own happiness. On the other hand, Mill believes happiness is the goal of morality and the more happiness is acquired at the end is the most moral. According to Immanuel Kant, morality is a duty people must hold above their own happiness. For somethingRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill948 Words   |  4 Pagesyou do it? Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would give you strongly contrasting opinions. A person should not kill another to benefit five others. It would be a wrong thing to do, but Mill would disagree. Kant believed that good intentions count and that the morality of an action is determined by the intentions behind it rather than its consequences. Kant says that the consequences are irrelevant to assessments of moral worth, which contrasts sharply with Mill’s utilitarianism. Kant believed thatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant Essay1805 Words   |  8 Pagesphilosophers, Kant and Mill, to determine whether or not torture is ever ethical. John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kant, both proposed different philosophies, using deontological and teleological theories in ethics. John Stuart Mill used a teleological theory, which prioritized the end result of an action, based off the moral nature of the action itself, compared to the deontological theory proposed by Kant, which presented actions as obligations of an individual, leading them to act in a certain way. Mill usedRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill2050 Words   |  9 Pagesstraight forward as proposed by Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill in The Groundswork and Utilitarianism respectively. Kant, in The Groundswork, and Mill, in Utilitarianism, come to different conclusions about what is intrinsically good, yet neither of them come to a valid explanation for the following reasons; Kant pro duces a narrow view focused entirely on having a good will, acting only based off of duties, and ignoring the outcomes of your actions, while Mill calculates intrinsic value basedRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant2163 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Stuart Mill vs. Immanuel Kant The aim of this paper is to clearly depict how John Stuart Mill’s belief to do good for all is more appropriate for our society than Immanuel Kant’s principle that it is better to do whats morally just. I will explain why Mill’s theory served as a better guide to moral behavior and differentiate between the rights and responsibilities of human beings to themselves and society. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of moralityRead MoreA Study Of Ethics By Immanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill992 Words   |  4 Pagesaround ethics. The court released Lavallee as innocent on the basis that she is medically ill with Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS). The two most renowned ethicists, Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill would view this case differently. Kantianism is associated solely with Immanuel Kant. In comparison, John Stuart Mill, an opponent of Immanuel Kant’s ideas, uses a utilitarian approach. This essay will briefly give an overview of the case and the BWS. Then, it will show how both theories view the case.

Java Essay - 1358 Words

6. TECHNOLOGIES TO BE USED †¢ JAVA: Java has been tested, refined, extended, and proven by a dedicated community of Java developers, architects and enthusiasts. Java is designed to enable development of portable, high-performance applications for the widest range of computing platforms possible. By making applications available across heterogeneous environments, businesses can provide more services and boost end-user productivity, communication, and collaboration— and dramatically reduce the cost of ownership of both enterprise and consumer applications. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of†¦show more content†¦MYSQL: MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System. MySQL is one of the best RDBMS being used for developing various web-based software applications. MySQL is developed, marketed and supported by MySQL AB, which is a Swedish company. MySQL is the most popular Open Source Relational SQL Database Management System. MYSQL Enterprise edition includes the most comprehensive set of advanced features management tools for MYSQL. MYSQL is the worlds most popular open source database. Whether you are a fast-growing web property, technology ISV or large enterprise, MYSQL can cost-effectively help you deliver high performance, scalable database applications MYSQL is popular choice of database for used in web application is a central component of widely used LAMP open source web application software stack. MYSQL Query Analyzer: To optimize performance by visualizing query activity and fixing problem SQL code. SQLite: SQLite is a relational database management system contained in a small (~350 KiB) C programming library. In contrast to other database management systems, SQLite is not a separate process that is accessed from the client application, but an integral part of it. SQLite is ACID-compliantShow MoreRelatedEssay on Java1091 Words   |  5 PagesJava is one of many high-level programming languages that use abstraction (reducing and factoring details) to create software for computers and many other electronic devices. Compared to low-level programming languages, high-level programming languages use a mixture of natural language (any language used by humans) and typical computer terms to create an easier to understand and simpler form of programming. Figures 1 and 2 show the difference in writing a simple program called â€Å"Hello World† inRead MoreEssay on Comparison Of Java, Javascript, Java Applets And Java Beans1821 Words   |  8 PagesComparison of Java, JavaScript, Java Applets and Java Beans Introduction Starting back in the early 1990s with the introduction of Java to the computer scene there has been many updates and advances in how languages interact with web based programs. In this paper we are going to highlight several areas of several different Java flavors. The flavors we are addressing are Java, JavaScript, Java Applets and JavaBeans. We will discuss their history, features, usage and syntax and finally followRead MoreEssay on The Art and Science of Java3918 Words   |  16 Pagesis designed to be independent of the particular characteristics that differentiate computers and to work instead with general algorithmic concepts that can be implemented on any computer system. The higher-level language used in this text is called Java. 9. Each type of computer has its own machine language, which is different from that used in other computers. The compiler acts as a translator from the higher-level language into the machine language used for a specific machine. 10. A source fileR ead MoreEssay about The Language of Java1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe Language of Java What is Java? Java, in it’s simplest definition, is a dynamic computer application that can run a program to accomplish a task. Java runs in all sorts of things in the average person’s life; things such as car stereo systems, televisions, cell phone applications, websites, and more. But, where did it come from, and how does it work, and how has it impacted our lives today? Java was first created by Patrick Naughton, Mike Sheridan, and James Gosling in 1994. However, they startedRead MoreJava Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pagesimport java.util.ArrayList; public class bPlusTree { public genericNode root; public static int O; /** * takes order input from the file and initialize that tree. * @param order */ static void Initialize(int order){ O = order-1; } /** * Inserting key value pairs in the tree. * @param key * @param value */ public void Insert(Double key, String value) { if(Search(key)==null){ leaf newLeaf = new leaf(key, value); myDict entry = new myDict(key, newLeaf); // InsertRead MoreEssay On Java1278 Words   |  6 Pages/** * Connect Four allows you to play Concect Four * @author Andrew Seitzman */ import java.util.Scanner; public class ConnectFour { /** * The getColumn method lets you type in a column number you want your piece to fall in * @message allows you to prompt the user when the method is called * @return the return value is the row or column the user chose */ public static int getColumn(String message) { Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println(message);Read MoreJava Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesimport java.io.*; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.ArrayList; /** * Authors: Andrew Barrasso (abarrass@bu.edu), Michael Rojas * * * * This is the class that students need to implement. The code skeleton is provided. * Students need to implement rtinit(), rtupdate() and linkhandler(). * printdt() is provided to pretty print a table of the newc costs for reaching * other nodes in the network. */ public class NodeDVR { public final int INFINITY = 9999;Read MoreJava Essay797 Words   |  4 PagesIn the long distant future, in the year 2016, the cable news empire has fallen, and former talking heads have stooped to running for political office. In fact, five former talk show stars are running for President of the United States, and locked in a close race. Your task is to design and implement a set of classes that process a collection of Integer objects, corresponding to votes for each candidate. The integers are stored in a queue by a driver. In particular, the following code must compileRead MoreEssay on Java767 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿In the long distant future, in the year 2016, the cable news empire has fallen, and former talking heads have stooped to running for political office. In fact, five former talk show stars are running for President of the United States, and locked in a close race. Your task is to design and implement a set of classes that process a collection of Integer objects, corresponding to votes for each candidate. The integers are stored in a queue by a driver. In particular, the following code must compileRead Morethe java Essay4111 Words   |  17 Pagesï » ¿Java Software Solutions: Foundations of Program Design, 6e (Lewis/Loftus) Chapter 5 Conditionals and Loops Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The idea that program instructions execute in order (linearly) unless otherwise specified through a conditional statement is known as A) boolean execution B) conditional statements C) try and catch D) sequentiality E) flow of control Answer: E Explanation: E) The flow of control describes the order of execution of instructions. It defaults

Personal writing †David’s Table Free Essays

Danielle’s heart stopped the moment He stepped through the doorway. Although He was the reason that she came to this particular cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ at this precise time, she wasn’t certain about her vague information. Go to Isabella’s at quarter past four. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal writing – David’s Table or any similar topic only for you Order Now He orders a cappuccino and a biscuit. He sits outside under the green umbrella at a wooden table and drinks his coffee, giving his biscuit to the birds. Sure enough, Danielle’s man was given a polystyrene cup and white paper bag. She watched from her dark corner as He went outside. When she left, she noticed crumbs surrounding Him. The next day, Danielle couldn’t curtail her thoughts. Whenever she looked at the clock she wondered what He was doing at that moment. At last, the bell rang and her body tensed in anticipation, but she had to wait until the end of roll call to grab her bag and make her way to Isabella’s. Sitting at the same corner table, Danielle again ordered a cappuccino. Danielle hated coffee but it made her feel closer to Him. Today, she listened to His order at the counter. â€Å"Cappuccino to go and one of those cornflake biscuits, thanks.† Danielle smiled when the owner of the cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ laughed and took His money. â€Å"David, mate, you’ve been coming here for months and its always the same thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Danielle knew this was Him. â€Å"†¦And you only have different biscuits because you take whatever’s there.† David grinned and took his order. â€Å"Well don’t expect me tomorrow Bruce, I’m going back to Melbourne.† Danielle froze mid-pretend sip. Melbourne? â€Å"Melbourne?† echoed Bruce aloud. â€Å"Yeah, I have unfinished business there †¦Ã¢â‚¬  David looked away. â€Å"Ah, I see.† Bruce shut the till, smiled and turned to the next customer. David walked out onto the terrace. Inside, Danielle lost interest in her pretence. He was going away before she had a chance to talk to him. She picked up her coat and left, crossing the terrace just as He looked up and saw her walking away. School came second to Danielle’s thoughts. However, this time her mind was firmly in the distant past on the day that had been the hardest of her life. Even thinking about it made her want to bawl into her notebooks. Mercifully, Danielle had on Thursdays she didn’t have to say much, just sit there and look busy, so no one noticed. Neither Danielle nor David went to Isabella’s on Thursday. David didn’t want to go to Melbourne as he had only been in Adelaide for five months. However, since his mother died six weeks previously and he had been in Melbourne for the funeral, the pull became too strong. David knew that to start over again in Adelaide, he needed closure in Melbourne. A month sounded long, but there was a lot he had to do. Thankfully, he and Cassie didn’t have any children; apparently they made divorce harder. David left for Melbourne on Thursday at six-thirty pm. After the weekend, Danielle returned to Isabella’s. She wasn’t sure whether to be upset that had was gone or relieved. Bruce noticed that she no longer sat in the corner with an untouched cappuccino; now Danielle sat outside on David’s table with hot chocolate and cake. She ate the icing but crumbled the cake for the birds. Bruce considered getting a new cook, but instead, befriended her. Soon a month was up. Once, David wondered why some married couples had separate bank accounts. Wasn’t marriage for life? Now he wished he had their foresight. Neither he nor Cassie wanted to sell everything but they couldn’t do things fairly, too many emotions in the way. David was returning to Adelaide with money from the sale of his old life to purchase his new. His only concern was that his parents, his past, was buried in Melbourne. An indiscernible smell wafted down the aisle and punched David fair in the nose. Old shoes? Rotten eggs? It was too early for David to recognise the stench. â€Å"Would you like breakfast sir?† David smiled wanly as the flight attendant plonked a tray in front of him. The smell became stronger when he lifted the foil: overcooked omelette. Quarter to six he boarded the plane and now at seven-thirty it was too early for offal disguised as breakfast. David leant back in his chair and closed his eyes. He felt guilty about betraying his parents by leaving, by putting his childhood and young adult life in a neat box labelled â€Å"Melbourne† and moving on. But it was more; his motives for moving to Adelaide went against his parents’ wishes and it was only after they had both died that he could defy them. At 32, David was still a naughty little boy. Danielle gazed at the attentive but blank faces in her chemistry class. Sometimes she wondered why she bothered. Most of these girls would go on to be nurses, secretaries or teachers. However it was a precious few who wanted more that made it all worthwhile. When Danielle was fifteen, she had been a precious one. She was to be a doctor in a time when girls were trained to be wives. Danielle was going somewhere until†¦ â€Å"Miss Everard, isn’t there a two minus charge on the oxygen molecule?† Danielle shook herself from her reverie and looked at what she had written on the board. â€Å"Ah, yes, thankyou Catherine.† Catherine was a lucky one, going on to be what Danielle dreamed of. The siren went and the students began to pack up. â€Å"Miss Everard, is there any homework?† But Danielle had already left. David decided to go to Isabella’s at four, as he wasn’t back working yet. Bruce was pleased to see him. â€Å"David, I’m sorry but you can’t have your table today. Why not try the table with the red umbrella?† David shrugged and sat down, glancing at the woman sitting at â€Å"his† table. She was slowly eating the icing from the top of her cake in between sips from her mug. He watched, captivated, as she picked at her cake and let bits fall from her fingers to the sparrows on the ground. He realised it, as his own cappuccino cooled beside him. Danielle, not noticing her company, was fully engrossed in the sparrows that flitted and darted around her. She found peace beyond her forty-eight years, something she hadn’t felt for almost thirty-three years. David felt his thirst be slaked as he watched her, after twenty years of drought. This woman surrounded by birds mitigated the dryness started when he was told he was adopted. Bruce saw the young man approach the middle-aged woman and smiled. Knowing both sides, he had figured the whole story out long ago. With the strong sunlight slanting under the umbrella, Bruce could see that the resemblance between mother and son was uncanny. How to cite Personal writing – David’s Table, Papers

The Great Chain of Being Essay Example For Students

The Great Chain of Being Essay History of Science 333Most of the concepts about the nature of living things in the early modern era were derived from the writings of Aristotle. Aristotle wrote about the concept of distinct types of organisms that could be distinguished from all the rest. Aristotle was interested in much more than the biological world, and attempted to build a theory of the world as a whole. As part of this theory, he believed that all of nature could be seen as a continuum of organization from lifeless matter. This matter consisted of the four embracements of water, earth, fire and air and composed everything all the way to the most complex forms of life. He thought of humans as different from the rest of animals though because of their capacity for reason and thought. Aristotle proposed a rank ordering of all living things, from the least to the highest (humans). This idea developed, during the later centuries, into the concept of the Great Chain of Being. All living things were seen as members o f unchanging types, called species, which could be ordered from the least to the highest. Each species has at least one similarity between the species above it and below it in the ladder. Only individuals were born and died; species themselves were eternal. The metaphor of the chain of being suggested that these species were linked to each other by a logical progression. This concept, in the Western tradition, is the result of the attempt to combine the Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology. To look at this from the religious standpoint natural theologists used the great chain of being to show that God had created stability in the world and linked all life together to prove that God existed. God created species in the great chain of being in a perfect set and hierarchy. In the religious aspect, God and the angels were at the top of the ladder and gave humans the divine right to command over the animals on down to plants, and then earth itself. The fixity of species was also blended over to the political aspects of humanity by showing how different social classes mock the natural world. The monarch was seen as the direct ruler from God and has the divine right to command his country from God and is stable at the top of the chain of being. The other aristocrats and the religious authorities would represent the other higher orders of the natural world and so on down the line to the peasants with each social class stuck in its place. The Great Chain of Being as described by Aristotle was adapted to the religious doctrine of Christianity through time to the early modern era as describing the fixity of the natural world. The chain was later used to show how the ladder was fit into the religious aspect of hierarchy as well as the political classes of humanity.

Stress Essays - Stress, Acute Stress Reaction, Norepinephrine

Stress This research paper explains stress and its causes and cures. The research paper will attempt to determine whether there is an effective way to cure stress. Stress is an integral part of life. The complete absence of any stress results in death. Stress plays a key role in daily life, influencing - if not governing - happiness, productivity and health. Stress is known to cause various psychiatric disorders involving anxiety and depression, including posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, generalized anxiety, and multiple personality disorders.This research will also attempt to explain ways to cure the illness's caused by Stress. The more stress one puts on thereselves the weaker one's immune system becomes. With a weakened immune system we become susceptible to disease and injury. Stress is an adaptive response. It's the body's reaction to an event that is seen as emotionally disturbing, disquieting, or threatening. To prepare for an event, the body increases its heart rate and blood pressure; more blood is then sent to your heart and muscles, and your respiration rate increases. . In the first stage of stress, alarm, the body mobilizes its "fight or flight" defenses, either to resist the stress-causing factor or adapt to it. In this stage, the pituitary-adrenocortical system pours hormones into the bloodstream. The pulse quickens, the lungs take in more oxygen to fuel the muscles, blood sugar increases to supply added energy, digestion slows, and perspiration increases. In the second stage of stress, resistance, the body begins to repair the incidental damage caused by the arousal in the alarm stage. If the stressful situation is resolved, the stress symptoms vanish. If the stressful situation continues, however, a third stage, exhaustion, sets in, and the body's adaptive energy runs out. This stage can continue until some vital organs are affected, and then disease or even death can occur. There are three types of stress, mental, physical, chemical. These different variations of stress all cause similar effects to one's body. Each of these stresses can come from many sources. Most of these have appeared as a primary threat in our environment. Mental stress occurs from a shock as severe as the death of a loved one or from a simple thing like a faulty alarm clock making one late for work. Physical stress on the body can be caused by anything from not getting adequate sleep to a severe whiplash injury from a car accident. In addition, there is a chemical stress which may come from environmental pollution, the side affects of medications or even consumption of overly refined food. Compounding all this is the tension cycle, in which mental stress triggers physical stress or vice versa, leading to a downward spiral of health and happiness and an increasingly painful series of symptoms. Mental stress and Physical Stress are linked due to the fact that if one has mental stress it can cause physical stress. Man's response to psychological stress differs little from sources of potential physical harm (i.e., with surges of adrenaline, a rise in blood pressure and heart rate, and a 4x increase in blood flow to the muscles needed to fight or run away.) Physical symptoms may include a headache, upset stomach, muscle tension, neck or backache, rapid breathing, sweaty palms, and exhaustion. Mentally, you may feel distracted, have trouble concentrating, be illogical or forgetful, or you may have scary thoughts or feel suspicious. You may become easily irritated and impatient, or you may feel tense, depressed, angry or alone. You may have difficulty sleeping. Chemical Stress, however, is cause from manmade substances or objects. our body to make a certain number and quality of enzymes, antibodies, and hormones. These are the end products. The raw materials to make these end products come from our foods. Lack of a suffiecient diet can cause chemical stress. Chemical stress can also come from pesticides, insecticides, polluted air and water, heavy metals such as mercury or lead, asbestos and artificial food additives. Stress in general causes the immune system to weaken to a great extent. There are many health problems related to diminished immune systems including allergies and susceptibility to different diseases such as fungus and yeast infections. With the premature degeneration the stress will cause an acceleration in the aging and the break down of tissues. Physical consequnces such as cellular damage is caused by highly unstable molecules called free radicals. Because of the highly unstable nature of the "free radicals", they can be extremely toxic and are a primary result of stress that undermine the immune system and threaten health. Ironically, the body's immune system

Louisiana essays

Louisiana essays Louisiana, known as a hunter and fishermans paradise, has been part of the Union since 1812. The land was part of the Louisiana Purchase bought from Napoleon for 15,000,000 dollars in 1812. It was named after Louis XIV. The capital was originally New Orleans, but was changed in 1849 to Baton Rouge. In 1861 Louisiana seceded from the Union and soon joined the Confederacy. In 1867 Louisiana was re-admitted to the Union. In 1869, sulfur is first produced in the United States. In 1838, the first Mardi Gras parade was held in New Orleans and in 1837 the town of Shreveport was founded. The new capital was completed in Baton Rouge in the year 1932. Huey P. Long was assassinated in the state capital in 1935. In 1973, a team of surgeons performed Louisianas first heart transplant. Two years later in 1975, the Superdome in New Orleans was completed at a total cost of 163,313,315 dollars. Louisiana was the eighteenth state to join the Union. Along with many different dates, there are also many emblems of Louisiana. The Louisiana bird would be known as the Brown Pelican. The state tree is the Cypress Tree. The state dog is known as the Catahula Leopard Dog. Our state flower is the Magnolia and was adopted in the 1900s. Louisianas highest point is Driskill Mountain at a height of 535 feet above sea level. New Orleans is the lowest point and is 5 feet below sea level. Our largest lake is half the size of Rhode Island. New Orleans is also our largest city. In 1800, Louisiana wasnt part of the United States. Louisiana covers 47,752 square miles and is somewhat larger than New York. It ranks 31st in land size among other states in the United States of America. It might not be the same in a few years because the land area is constantly changing due to land erosion along the coast. It erodes at a rate of 16 square miles per year. ...

Pollution Control Measures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Control Measures - Essay Example Consequently, this paper explores the merits of the three pollution control measures to establish the optimal pollution control measure that should be adopted by the countries. Discussion Benefits and marginal costs are compared to establish the amount of pollution that should be accepted in society. This is called the optimal pollution level, where the marginal social costs and marginal social benefits are equal. Similarly, the marginal cost of pollution damage and the marginal cost of pollution control are compared to establish when pollution control measures should be employed. Under this concept, pollution should be reduced if the benefits gained are higher than the control costs (Hoel, 1998). This is as demonstrated in the graphical representation below on the marginal cost of pollution damage versus the marginal cost of pollution control. Qmax in the graph above shows the maximum level of pollution that is expected when pollution control measures are not employed. Thus, the pol lution amount will drop from Qmax when the control policies are introduced in the market. On the other hand, MCD is the marginal cost of damage that is caused by pollution emissions. Similarly, MCC is the marginal cost of control that has the tendency of rising as the levels of pollution fall (Hoel, 1998). The optimal control level is represented by the Q* in the graph, where the MCD and MCC are equal. This is the level at which the pollution control cannot be exceeded since the benefits will be less than the marginal cost of undertaking the pollution control measure. This practice of balancing the marginal cost and benefit is known as the equimarginal principle (Hoel, 1998). Legal regulation is one of the pollution control measures employed by government agencies, which involves setting the emission standards for specific products or industries under the legislative guideline. The major advantage of legal regulation is that it specifies results compared to other control measures (W eyzig, 2009). Thus, it is possible to ensure that producers do not allow a risky level of pollutants. However, this control measure has the potential of experiencing inflexibility when the economic players are required to meet the same standard. This can only work where activities polluting the environment are same. Consequently, pollution tax is effective in an industry that has numerous and different plants. This will involve charging the plants by per unit of emission they make in their production activities. Taxation will be effective in controlling the level of emission since the plants operating in the market will consider reducing the pollution level provided the marginal cost is lower compared to the tax (Tucker, 2011). Under the taxation control measure, the Qmax of pollution before the pollution control measures are introduced will shift to Q1, as reflected in the graph below, when a pollution tax of T1 is introduced. This is because the manufacturers in the market will pr efer to lower their pollution level by undergoing a cost E shown in the graph, instead of paying a tax that is equal to F + E for these units as reflected in the graph above (Tucker, 2011). In addition, the manufacturers will be forced to pay a charge equivalent to B + D for the pollution level of Q1 they cause. This cost is lower than B+ D – E+ F that they will be required to pay if they do not reduce their pollution l